Survey of bacterial and protozoan agents in ticks and fleas found on wild animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This study evaluates the presence of bacterial and protozoan agents in ticks and fleas found on wild animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These ectoparasites were collected on mammal species Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Tapirus terrestris, Dicotyles tajacu, Didelphis aurita, Cuniculus paca, Cerdocyon thous, and Coendou prehensilis, and on the terrestrial bird Dromaius novaehollandiae. Ticks and fleas were identified morphologically using specific taxonomic keys. A total of 396 ticks and 54 fleas were tested via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., microorganisms of the order Piroplasmida and Anaplasmataceae family. This total is distributed among nine tick species of the genus Amblyomma and one flea species. Rickettsia bellii was detected in Amblyomma dubitatum and Amblyomma pacae; Rickettsia sp. strain AL was found in Amblyomma longirostre; Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest was found in Amblyomma ovale; and "Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis" and Rickettsia felis were detected in Ctenocephalides felis felis. Wolbachia sp. was detected in C. f. felis, and Borrelia sp. was detected in Amblyomma calcaratum (here named Borrelia sp. strain Acalc110). All tested samples were negative for Ehrlichia spp. and microorganisms of the Piroplasmida order. This study detected a new bacterial strain, Borrelia sp. strain Acalc 110 (which is genetically close to B. miyamotoi and B. venezuelensis) and the Rickettsia sp. strain 19P, which is 100% similar to "Ca. R. senegalensis", a bacterium recently discovered and now being reported for the first time in Brazil.

Spatial distribution and effects of land use and cover on cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in the municipality of Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT The municipality of Paracambi (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) reports sporadic cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Previous studies detected Nyssomyia intermedia (Diptera: Psychodidae) as the main vector in the region, but its spatial distribution and the presence of other vector species have not been evaluated. This study aims at filling this knowledge gap, by studying the ecology of sand flies, their spatiotemporal distribution, and correlation with land use/cover. Two campaigns of monthly sand fly collections using light traps and manual captures were conducted in 1992-1994 and 2001-2003. Females were dissected to detect natural Leishmania infections. The spatial distribution of sand flies was assessed using kernel density maps. Correlations with land use/cover were evaluated by extracting satellite imagery data around the capture points. A total of 17,232 sand flies from 13 species were captured. Medically important species included Ny. intermedia, Migonemyia migonei, Pintomyia fischeri and Ny. whitmani. No Leishmania-infected females were detected. Highest densities were detected in the peri-urban areas Cascata and Sabugo, and in rural areas São José and Mutirão. Ny. intermedia had statistically significant correlations with pasture and agricultural areas. Present results strengthened that Ny. intermedia and Mg. migonei are the main local ACL vectors. Correlations with land use evidence the association between ACL and anthropic environmental change.

In vitro acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Mentha arvensis against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

The chemical composition and acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oils was assessed against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. The essential oils of Mentha arvensis, Cymbopogon citratus and C. nardus were assessed for acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oils (EO) of plants were separated by hydrodistillation (three times) and analyzed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometer (GC-MS). For bioassays, engorged females of R. microplus were exposed to C. citratus and C. nardus EO at 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% concentrations; and to M. arvensis EO at 1%, 3%, and 5% for 5 min. The weight egg mass, nutrient index (N.I), egg production index (E.P.I), hatching and control rate were evaluated. Non-feed larvae of R. microplus were exposed to essential oils with 0.25%, 0.5%; 1%; 1.5% and 2% concentrations; the mortality rate was measured after 48 h. Only engorged females presented reduced biological activities (oviposition, E.P.I) after exposure to M. arvensis at 3%, when in comparison to both positive and negative controls. The hatchability of R. microplus larvae ranged from 66.9% (after exposure to C. nardus EO at 5%) to 99.2% (positive control). The nutrition index was lower (46.6%) for the exposure to M. arvensis EO at 5%. M. arvensis at 3% and 5% concentrations was significantly efficient for engorged females when compared to control (53.7% and 47.5%, respectively). C. citratus EO at 1%, 1.5% and 2% concentrations yielded better results in the larval packet test, causing 100% mortality. Nonetheless, C. nardus and M. arvensis EO at 2% yielded 66% and 39% mortality, respectively. The study showed that M. arvensis presented potential for the control of R. microplus engorged females while C. citratus and C. nardus presented potential as a larvicide.

Ticks in wild animals at a resort and the first documentation of Amblyomma sculptum infesting Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) / Carrapatos em animais selvagens em um resort e o primeiro registro de Amblyomma sculptum infestando Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Abstract The study aimed to identify species of ticks present in the environment and among captive animals, in Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ticks were isolated from captive animals by manual examination and free-living ticks in the environment were captured using the flannel drag technique. A total of 91 ticks were obtained (51 adults, 25 nymphs and 15 larvae). The specimens were identified morphologically as Amblyomma sp., Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma sculptum , and were distributed among five species of native mammals and an exotic bird. This study also reports the first case of infestation of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) by A. sculptum.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo identificar espécies de carrapatos presentes no ambiente e entre animais de cativeiro em Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os carrapatos foram removidos manualmente de animais de cativeiro e no ambiente usando a técnica de arrasto em flanela. Um total de 91 carrapatos foram capturados (51 adultos, 25 ninfas e 15 larvas). Os espécimes foram identificados morfologicamente como Amblyomma sp., Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale e Amblyomma sculptum, e foram distribuídos entre cinco espécies de mamíferos nativos e uma ave exótica. Este estudo também relata o primeiro caso de infestação do emu australiano (Dromaius novaehollandiae) por A. sculptum .

Ticks in wild animals at a resort and the first documentation of Amblyomma sculptum infesting Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae).

The study aimed to identify species of ticks present in the environment and among captive animals, in Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ticks were isolated from captive animals by manual examination and free-living ticks in the environment were captured using the flannel drag technique. A total of 91 ticks were obtained (51 adults, 25 nymphs and 15 larvae). The specimens were identified morphologically as Amblyomma sp., Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma sculptum , and were distributed among five species of native mammals and an exotic bird. This study also reports the first case of infestation of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) by A. sculptum.

Intelligent monitoring of Aedes aegypti in a rural area of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

The aim of this research was to monitor the presence of females of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) on the Seropédica municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, from 2010 to 2013. For this purpose, the Intelligent Dengue Monitoring (IM-Dengue) and Intelligent Virus Monitoring (IM-Virus) developed by Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Ecovec - Minas Gerais, Brazil), were used. IM-Dengue is a tool that allows achieving a weekly overview of A. aegypti infestation, while IM-Virus is another tool that allows detecting dengue virus directly from the mosquito, by Real Time-PCR. Both tools were developed for diagnosis in a prepathogenesis period of the disease, before infection occurrence. Traps were distributed in 19 locations inside the municipality and the bugs were collected weekly during the years of the research. As a result, the presence of 163 females of A. aegypti was recorded over the period; there was no circulation of the virus in the municipality. In one of the 19 study sites, a high degree of disease transmission risk was verified. The study concluded that the municipality, as a whole, showed no risk of disease transmission throughout the field research period.

Parasitismo em aves silvestres residentes e migratórias da Ilha da Marambaia, Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Parasitism in migratory and resident wild birds of Marambaia island, Rio de Janeiro state

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi buscar a presença de microrganismos em esfregaços sanguíneos de aves silvestres residentes ou migratórias da Ilha da Marambaia, município de Mangaratiba, estado do Rio de Janeiro, durante o ano de 2009. Para execução da pesquisa, 86 indivíduos referentes a 22 espécies foram capturados através de rede de neblina e após manuseio liberados ao seu habitat natural. Foi coletado sangue periférico das aves e realizado esfregaços sanguíneos. Como resultados foi diagnosticado a ocorrência de 11 (12,80%) indivíduos positivos para Plasmodium sp., um (1,16%) para microfilária e 16 (18,60%) para Borrelia sp. Foram encontrados carrapatos Amblyomma sp. (Família Ixodidae) parasitando as aves amostradas, o que sugere existir uma interação parasito-vetor-hospedeiro entre esse e o gênero Borrelia. Este estudo deve ser ampliado para outras regiões e o seu conhecimento dará maiores subsídios para outras pesquisas, voltadas principalmente para a preservação de aves em ambiente por elas escolhidos como seu habitat.(AU)

The study intended to analyze the population of migratory and resident wild bird species from Marambaia island, located in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro state, regarding the presence of microorganisms in blood smears during the year of 2009. In order to achieve the goal, 86 individuals of 22 bird species were captured using mist nets; peripheral blood was collected and blood smears performed. The birds were released after examined and sampled in situ. The diagnostic results were 11 (12.80%) birds positive for Plasmodium sp., one (1.16%) for microfilaria and 16 (18.60%) for Borrelia sp. Ticks identified as Amblyomma sp. (Ixodidae) were observed parasiting the sampled birds, suggesting that a relationship parasite-vector-host exists between these ticks and the Borrelia genus. This study should be expanded to other regions so that its results may favour other surveys, focused on conservation of wild birds in their habitat.(AU)

STATUS OF THE AMERICAN TEGUMENTARY LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO , BRAZIL, FROM 2004 TO 2013.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the status of the American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2004 to 2013, through its spatiotemporal distribution. We also described variables considered relevant to the epidemiology of the disease, such as the clinical form, gender, ethnic group, age group, and progression of disease. This is a descriptive study, which used notified secondary data from the Brazilian Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), Ministry of Health, Brazil, regarding confirmed diagnoses. To help the calculation of coefficients of detection and mortality, we used population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We analyzed 1,470 cases of ATL with the predominance of the cutaneous clinical form (1,292/87.89%). The data has also revealed seven deaths, a predominance of males (922/62.72%), and a higher incidence of ATL in the white ethnic group (731/49.72%). We observed a high incidence of ATL in the group of 20 - 39 years old (477/32.44%). We concluded that there was a decrease in the number of ATL cases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, based on a coefficient of detection of 1.44/100.000 inhabitants in 2004 decreasing to 0.20/100.000 inhabitants in 2013. The localities with the highest occurrences of ATL were the metropolitan region (843 cases) and the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (740 cases). In 2005, the highest incidence of the disease was observed (351 cases) in the study. Among the variables selected to describe the epidemiology of the disease, the following categories: cutaneous clinical form, male patients, white ethnic group, and the age group of 20 - 39 years old were more affected than the others.

Eficácia de Chenopodium ambrosioides (erva-de-santa-maria) no controle de endoparasitos de Coturnix japônica (codorna japonesa) / Effectiveness of Chenopodium ambrosioides (santa maria herb) for controlling Coturnix japonica (japanese quail) endoparasites

O objetivo foi testar in vitro e in vivo a eficácia da planta medicinal Chenopodium ambrosioidesLinnaeus, 1786 (erva-de-santa-maria), nas formas fitoterápica e homeopática, como meios alternativos para o controle de endoparasitos de Coturnix japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 (codorna japonesa), um sério problema que afeta a criação e desempenho de aves domésticas, ocasionando morte quando muito intenso, retardo de crescimento, redução de índice de conversão alimentar e aumento na suscetibilidade às doenças infecciosas. As metodologias utilizadas foram preconizadas por Coles et al. (1992), creditada pela World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). A pesquisa evidenciou a presença dos gêneros Ascaridiae Eimeria. O ensaio in vitro demonstrou alta taxa de redução na inibição de eclosão de ovos de Ascaridiasp. (100,00%) e significativa taxa de redução na destruição de oocistos de Eimeriasp. (47,06%). O ensaio in vivodemonstrou alta taxa de redução na contagem de ovos de Ascaridiasp. nas fezes (100,00%) e expressiva taxa de redução na contagem de oocistos de Eimeriasp. nas fezes (60,33%). Chenopodium ambrosioides mostrou em certos momentos superioridade frente ao produto tradicional (Thiabendazole/Mebendazole) e índices superiores aos preconizados pelo Ministério da Agricultura do Brasil e Organização Mundial da Saúde como indicativos de eficácia.

The aim was in vitro and in vivo to test the effectiveness of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linnaeus, 1786 (santa maria herb) medicinal plant, in regard to phytotherapeutic and homeopathic forms as alternative methods to control Coturnix japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 (japanese quail) endoparasites. The parasitosis is a serious problem affecting domestic poultry raising and performance causing death, delay in grow, food conversion rate reduction and increase of susceptibility to infectious diseases. Methodologies were advocated by Coles et al. (1992), corroborated by World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). Presence of the genera Ascaridia and Eimeria was displayed by this survey. In vitro essay demonstrated high reduction rate on eggs eclosion inhibition of Ascaridia sp. (100.00%) and significant reduction rate on oocyst destruction of Eimeria sp. (47.06%). In vivo essay demonstrated high fecal egg counting reduction rate of Ascaridia sp. (100.00%) and expressive fecal oocyst counting reduction rate of Eimeriasp. (60.33%). C. ambrosioides showed upper rates front traditional product (Thiabendalol/Mebendazol) as well as to those ones advocated by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculturel and the World Health Organization as effectiveness indicative.

Eficácia de Chenopodium ambrosioides (erva-de-santa-maria) no controle de endoparasitos de Gallus gallus (galinha caipira) / Effectiveness of Chenopodium ambrosioides (santa maria herb) for controlling Gallus gallus (free range chicken) endoparasites

The present survey was carried out at Zoology Laboratory, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, and Animal Parasitology Sector, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro state, from 2011 to 2012. The aim was to test in vitro and in vivo the effectiveness of the medicinal plant Chenopodium ambrosioides Linnaeus, 1786 (santa maria herb) regarding phytotherapeutic and homeopathic alternative methods to control endoparasites of Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 (free range chicken), a serious problem affecting domestic poultry performance causing losses, retarded development, decreased food conversion rate and increase of susceptibility to infectious diseases. In vitro essay demonstrated high reduction rate on eggs eclosion inhibition (97.18%), and in vivo essay showed high fecal eggs counting reduction rate (91.67%). Presence of the genera Ascaridia (35.00%), Capillaria (30.00%), Heterakis (25.00%) and Strongyloides (10.00%) was displayed by this survey. The plant C. ambrosioides showed upper rates front traditional products (Thiabendalol/Mebendazol) as well as to those ones advocated by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and the World Health Organization as effective.

A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Zoologia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e Setor de Parasitologia Animal da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2011 a 2012. O objetivo foi testar in vitro e in vivo a eficácia da planta medicinal Chenopodium ambrosioides Linnaeus, 1786 (erva-de-santa-maria), nas formas fitoterápica e homeopática, como meios alternativos para o controle de endoparasitos de Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 (galinha caipira), um sério problema que afeta a criação e desempenho de aves domésticas, ocasionando morte quando muito intenso, retardo de crescimento, redução do índice de conversão alimentar e aumento na suscetibilidade às doenças infecciosas. As metodologias utilizadas foram preconizadas por Coles et al. (1992), creditada pela World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). O ensaio in vitro demonstrou alta taxa de redução na inibição de eclosão de ovos (97,18%), e o ensaio in vivo, elevada taxa na redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (91,67%). A pesquisa evidenciou a presença dos gêneros Ascaridia (35,00%), Capillaria (30,00%), Heterakis (25,00%) e Strongyloides (10,00%). C. ambrosioides mostrou em certos momentos superioridade frente ao produto tradicional (Thiabendazole/Mebendazole) e índices superiores aos preconizados pelo Ministério da Agricultura do Brasil e Organização Mundial da Saúde como indicativos de eficácia.

Seroepidemiological aspects of Leishmania spp. in dogs in the Itaguai micro-region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This study evaluated factors associated with the frequency of Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs residing in the Itaguai micro-region, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 524 dogs. The serum samples were submitted to indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Leishmania spp. The frequency of seropositive dogs was 28.24% (n = 148) in the micro-region, and among the three municipalities within that region, the highest frequency (p < 0.05) was observed in Seropedica (59.46%), followed by Itaguai (29.05%) and Mangaratiba (11.49%). Regarding factors associated with the host, mongrel dogs and those over the age of two presented higher frequency of antibodies to Leishmania spp. (p < 0.05). Concerning factors related to the environment and habits of the animal, dogs residing in rural areas (FR = 1.67, p = 0.0002), living outside the residence (FR = 1.42, p = 0.0197), with access to forest, streams and pastures (FR = 2.81, p = 0.0007), remaining loose (FR = 1.66, p = 0.0073), and those that had no shelter (FR = 2.16, p < 0.0001) were more likely to be seropositive. Canine leishmaniasis is a disease with high occurrence in the Itaguai micro-region, and aspects such as the definition of breed, age, habits and care by owners showed significant association in this micro-region.

Seroepidemiological aspects of Leishmania spp in dogs in the Itaguai micro-region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Aspectos soroepidemiológicos de Leishmania spp em cães na microrregião de Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This study evaluated factors associated with the frequency ofLeishmania spp. antibodies in dogs residing in the Itaguai micro-region, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 524 dogs. The serum samples were submitted to indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) forLeishmania spp. The frequency of seropositive dogs was 28.24% (n = 148) in the micro-region, and among the three municipalities within that region, the highest frequency (p < 0.05) was observed in Seropedica (59.46%), followed by Itaguai (29.05%) and Mangaratiba (11.49%). Regarding factors associated with the host, mongrel dogs and those over the age of two presented higher frequency of antibodies to Leishmaniaspp. (p < 0.05). Concerning factors related to the environment and habits of the animal, dogs residing in rural areas (FR = 1.67, p = 0.0002), living outside the residence (FR = 1.42, p = 0.0197), with access to forest, streams and pastures (FR = 2.81, p = 0.0007), remaining loose (FR = 1.66, p = 0.0073), and those that had no shelter (FR = 2.16, p < 0.0001) were more likely to be seropositive. Canine leishmaniasis is a disease with high occurrence in the Itaguai micro-region, and aspects such as the definition of breed, age, habits and care by owners showed significant association in this micro-region.

Este estudo avaliou os fatores associados à frequência de anticorpos específicos para Leishmania spp. em cães domiciliados na microrregião de Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 524 cães. As amostras de soro foram submetidas a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA-teste) para Leishmania spp. A frequência de cães soropositivos foi de 28,24% (n = 148) na microrregião e, entre os três municípios avaliados, a maior frequência (p < 0,05) foi observada em Seropédica (59,46%), seguida de Itaguaí (29,05%) e Mangaratiba (11,49%). Em relação aos fatores associados ao hospedeiro, observou-se que cães sem raça definida e aqueles com idade acima de dois anos apresentaram maior frequência de anticorpos para Leishmania spp. (p < 0,05). Em relação aos fatores relacionados ao ambiente e ao hábito do animal, os cães residentes em áreas rurais (RF = 1,67, p = 0,0002), animais que vivem fora da residência (RF = 1,42, p = 0,0197), com acesso à mata, córregos e pastagens (FR = 2,81, p = 0,0007), que permanecem soltos (RF = 1,66, p = 0,0073), e aqueles que não possuem abrigo (RF = 2,16, p < 0,0001) apresentaram maior chance de serem soropositivos. A leishmaniose canina é uma enfermidade com elevada ocorrência na microrregião de Itaguai, e aspectos como definição racial, idade, hábitos e cuidados estabelecidos pelo proprietário mostraram associação significativa nessa microrregião.

Uso Popular de Plantas Medicinais na Promoção da Saúde Animal em Assentamentos Rurais de Seropédica RJ

O emprego da fitoterapia esteve presente ao longo da história, sendo utilizada no tratamento das enfermidades que acometem o ser humano. Tal afirmativa também é válida para a saúde animal, principalmente em comunidades rurais. Este projeto objetivou resgatar o conhecimento popular sobre o uso de plantas medicinais em animais nas comunidades do Assentamento Rural Sol da Manhã e do Mutirão Eldorado, situadas no município de Seropédica. Foram realizadas visitas aos assentamentos, aplicando-se questionários sobre indicações terapêuticas e formas de utilização das espécies no tratamento de animais domésticos. Exemplares das espécies utilizadas foram identificados pelo Departamento de Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). No total foram entrevistadas 52 famílias, das quais 63,5% afirmaram utilizar plantas medicinais no tratamento de saúde dos seus animais. Dentre as 30 espécies medicinais citadas foram evidenciadas 12 indicações gerais, das quais três destacaram-se: anti-helmíntica (36,58%), anti-inflamatória (17,07%), e repelente (12,19%), caracterizando a importância do emprego das plantas no tratamento de doenças parasitárias, sendo a principal espécie indicada para esse uso o Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (erva-de-santa-maria) com 25% das citações. A correlação entre o conhecimento popular e as pesquisas científicas pode gerar novas intervenções terapêut

Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Brazilian dogs by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in dogs from Brazil in the municipalities of Seropédica and Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro state, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR Green to detect the amplification. Of 253 samples, 18 (7.11%) were positive, with a threshold cycle (Ct) ranging from 31 to 35 cycles. The PCR product from a positive sample was cloned and sequenced. The sequence obtained demonstrated 100% identity with other A. phagocytophilum sequences published in the GenBank database. The analytical sensitivity of RT-PCR using SYBR Green system was able to detect 3 plasmid copies when defined numbers of plasmid copies containing 122 base pairs from the msp2 gene were used. The assay was considered specific when DNA from bacteria (Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma marginale, Ehrlichia canis, Neorickettsia risticii, Rickettsia rickettsii) closely related to A. phagocytophilum was placed in the reaction. These results demonstrate that the canine granulocytic anaplasmosis agent is present in regions in which dogs could be a source of infection for tick vectors. The current study reports the detection of A. phagocytophilum, a zoonotic agent responsible for Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in Brazilian dogs.

Influência do clima e da cobertura de solo na mortalidade de Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1958) (Díptera: Calliphoridae) e na atuação de seus inimigos naturais / Influence of the climate and of the covers of soil in the mortality of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1958) (Díptera: Calliphoridae) and in the performance of their natural enemies

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do clima e da cobertura vegetal na pupação e emergência de C. hominivorax e na atividade de seus inimigos naturais. Desta forma, experimentos foram desenvolvidos em duas estações climáticas; estação chuvosa (Janeiro a Março) e estação seca (Abril a Junho), com índices pluviométricos acumulados de 253,4mm e 49,2mm, respectivamente, em três tipos de cobertura de solo: vegetal, matéria orgânica e sem cobertura. Após distribuição randômica das larvas nos diferentes tratamentos, analisaram-se algumas das seguintes variáveis: mortalidade larval, número de pupas viáveis e inviáveis, aspecto das pupas inviáveis, percentuais de emergência e atividade predatória por inimigos naturais. Entre as duas estações climáticas, observou-se que a mortalidade larval (10,6%) (χ2=22,779; P<0,0001; chuvosa e seca) e pupal (18,6%) (χ2=5,117; P=0,0308; chuvosa e seca) foi maior na chuvosa. Dentre as coberturas de solo, observou-se menor número de pupas inviáveis em cobertura de matéria orgânica (χ2=13,901; P=0,0003; orgânica e vegetal; χ2=7,409; P=0,0097; orgânica e sem cobertura). Dentre as estações analisadas, observou-se maior percentual de emergência (61,9%) na estação seca (χ2=15,738; P<0,0001; chuvosa e seca) e menor emergência (12,6%) na cobertura vegetal, quando comparada aos demais tratamentos (χ2=15,278; P<0,0001; vegetal e sem cobertura; χ2=20,647; P<0,0001; vegetal e orgânica), sendo o percentual de emergência total de 54,6%. A atividade predatória por insetos foi maior (χ2=263,392; P<0,0001; chuva e seca) na estação chuvosa, em relação à estação seca. Precipitações pluviais elevadas, a cobertura vegetal no solo e a ação de inimigos naturais influenciaram negativamente a sobrevida de C. hominivorax.

The objective of this study was to evaluate her influences of the climate and of the plant cover in the pupation and emergency of C. hominivorax and in their natural enemies’ activity. Experiments were developed in two climatic season; rainy season (January to March) and dry season (April to June), with indexes accumulated pluvial precipitations of 253,4mm and 49,2mm, respectively, in three types of soil cover: plant, organic matter and without any cover. After distribution randomic of the larvae in the different treatments, some of the following variables were analyzed: larval mortality, number of viable and not viable pupae, aspect of the not viable pupae, percentage of emergency and predatory activity by natural enemies. Among the two climatic season, it was observed that the larval mortality (10,6%) (χ2=22,779, P<0,0001; rainy and dry) and pupal (18,6%) (χ2=5,117, P=0,0308; rainy and dry) it was larger in the rainy. Among the soil cover, smaller number of not viable pupas was observed in cover of organic matter (χ2=13,901, P=0,0003; organic and plant cover; χ2=7,409, P=0,0097; organic and without any cover). Among the analyzed seasons, it was observed larger percentage of emergency (61,9%) in the station it dries (χ2=15,738; P <0,0001; rainy and dry) and smaller emergency (12,6%) in the plant cover, when compared to the other treatments (χ2=15,278; P<0,0001; plant cover and without any cover; χ2=20,647; P<0,0001; plant cover and organic), being the percentage of total emergency of 54,6%. The predatory activity for insects was larger (χ2=263,392; P<0,0001; rainy and dry) in the rainy season, in relation to season dry. Elevated pluvial precipitations, the plant cover in the soil and the natural enemies' action influenced the survival of C. hominivorax negatively.

[Sandflies in an areas with occurrences of human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Seropédica, State of Rio de Janeiro]. / Flebótomos de áreas com ocorrências de casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Município de Seropédica, Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

American cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which affects the skin and mucosa. It is primarily a zoonotic infection. Sandfly surveys were conducted in four areas with occurrences of human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Seropédica. A manual method was used to catch specimens between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm, for 12 consecutive months. From October 2004 to September 2005, we caught 2,390 individuals belonging to four species: Lutzomyia intermedia accounted for 97.1% of the total collected, followed by Lutzomyia whitmani (1.6%), Lutzomyia migonei (1.2%) and Lutzomyia oswaldoi (0.1%). The Valão das Louças had the highest density of sandflies, followed by the localities of Km 39, Km 40 and Caçador. The low diversity of species is due to significant changes in the ecotope of the region. It is suggested that American cutaneous leishmaniasis is being transmitted by Lutzomyia intermedia in the municipality of Seropédica.

Flebótomos de áreas com ocorrências de casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Município de Seropédica, Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Sandflies in an areas with occurrences of human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Seropédica, State of Rio de Janeiro

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana é causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, que acomete a pele e mucosa; é primariamente uma infecção zoonótica. Inquéritos flebotomínicos foram realizados em quatro áreas com ocorrência de casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana do município de Seropédica. Utilizou-se a metodologia de coleta com capturas manuais no horário das 18 às 22h, durante 12 meses consecutivos. No período de outubro de 2004 e setembro de 2005, capturamos 2.390 exemplares pertencentes a quatro espécies, Lutzomyia intermedia com 97,1 por cento do total coletado, seguida pela Lutzomyia whitmani 1,6 por cento, Lutzomyia migonei 1,2 por cento e Lutzomyia oswaldoi 0,1 por cento. O Valão da Louça apresentou maior densidade flebotomínica, seguida pelas localidades de Km 39, Km 40 e Caçador. A baixa diversidade de espécie se deve a alterações significativas do ecótopo da região. Sugere-se que a transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar americana no município de Seropédica esteja sendo veiculada pela Lutzomyia intermedia.

American cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which affects the skin and mucosa. It is primarily a zoonotic infection. Sandfly surveys were conducted in four areas with occurrences of human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Seropédica. A manual method was used to catch specimens between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm, for 12 consecutive months. From October 2004 to September 2005, we caught 2,390 individuals belonging to four species: Lutzomyia intermedia accounted for 97.1 percent of the total collected, followed by Lutzomyia whitmani (1.6 percent), Lutzomyia migonei (1.2 percent) and Lutzomyia oswaldoi (0.1 percent). The Valão das Louças had the highest density of sandflies, followed by the localities of Km 39, Km 40 and Caçador. The low diversity of species is due to significant changes in the ecotope of the region. It is suggested that American cutaneous leishmaniasis is being transmitted by Lutzomyia intermedia in the municipality of Seropédica.

Ineficiência da Thuja occidentalis no tratamento dos poxvirus aviários / Thuja occidentalis ineficiency in avian poxviruses treatment

Medicações à base de Tuia (Thuja occidentalis) são comuns em tratamentos homeopáticos e fitoterápicos, na medicina humana e veterinária. Suas propriedades imunoestimulantes e antivirais são descritas e sua utilização empírica no tratamento das poxviroses aviárias é recomendada por criadores e veterinários. Para avaliar o potencial terapêutico da Tuia sobre estas infecções, dois grupos (controle e teste) de dez aves jovens foram inoculados por escarificação, com uma amostra de campo de poxvírus aviário. As aves inoculadas foram examinadas diariamente, quanto ao início e evolução das lesões, registrando-se o número e tamanho destas, até a cicatrização. Após o surgimento das lesões, o grupo teste recebeu a tintura alcoólica diluída na água de consumo. A análise experimental indicou que, nas condições empregadas, a utilização da Tuia não favoreceu a regressão ou restrição no desenvolvimento das lesões de pele promovidas pela infecção experimental.

[Prevalence of canine infection from endemic areas of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Paracambi District, Rio de Janeiro State, between 1992 and 1993]. / Prevalência da infecção canina em áreas endêmicas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, do município de Paracambi, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período entre 1992 e 1993.

In the district of Paracambi, State of Rio de Janeiro an epidemiological survey for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in canine population was carried out in endemic localities. A total of 179 dogs was registered and 138 (77.1%) examined for their clinical aspects, development of delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) with Imunoleish(R) antigen and serological responses by indirect immunofluorescent reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In 9 (6.5%) dogs with active cutaneous lesions or suspect scars, 66.7% were caused by Leishmania sp; 44.4% produced infection in hamsters and showed growth in culture media, which was considered to be compatible with the species of Leishmania braziliensis complex. The molecular characterization (isoenzyme and KDNA restriction profiles) defined two strains with similar profiles for L. (Viannia) braziliensis. The prevalence of canine infection estimated by the cutaneous test, IFR and ELISA was 10.1%, 16.7% and 27.8%, respectively. The presence of clinical / sub-clinical form of ATL in canine population associated with human infections suggested that the dog can act as source of infection as well as for dissemination of the disease.

Prevalência da infecção canina em áreas endêmicas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, do município de Paracambi, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período entre 1992 e 1993 / Prevalence of canine infection from endemic areas of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Paracambi District, Rio de Janeiro State, between 1992 and 1993

No município de Paracambi, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi realizado um inquérito epidemiológico sobre a leishmaniose tegumentar americana na população canina residente em áreas endêmicas rural e semiurbana. Foram cadastrados 179 cães e 138 (77,1 por cento) foram examinados, segundo seus aspectos clínicos e desenvolvimento de hipersensibilidade tardia ao antígeno Imunoleish® e respostas sorológicas à reação de imunofluorescência indireta e ao ensaio imunoenzimático. Dos 9 (6,5. por cento) animais portadores de lesões/cicatrizes suspeitas, 66,7 por cento foram causadas por Leishmania sp; 44,4 por cento produziram infecção em hamsters e apresentaram crescimento em meio de cultura, compatíveis com o comportamento de Leishmania do complexo braziliensis. A caracterização molecular (análises isoenzimáticas e do perfil de restrição do KDNA) identificou 2 amostras como similares à Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A prevalência da infecção canina observada através do teste cutâneo, RIFI e ELISA foi, respectivamente, 10,1 por cento, 16,7 por cento e 27,8 por cento. A presença das formas clínica/subclínica da LTA na população canina associada à infecção humana sugere que o cão pode atuar como possível fonte de infecção, assim como na disseminação da doença.